Explanation :-

Orientation in a building drawing is mentioned in the form of an arrow, this is to represent north direction.

Explanation :-

Crushing strength of various class bricks are given below,

Explanation :-

(i) The rate at which outdoor air replaces indoor air is described as the air exchange rate.

Explanation :-

• In stone masonry, stones should always be laid such that the pressure is perpendicular to the natural bed (bedding plane). This ensures maximum strength and stability.
• Laying stones parallel to the natural bed can weaken the structure, as layers may split under pressure.

Explanation :-

Electrical Resistivity Method :

• It is a subsurface exploration method, not a dewatering method.
• This method is effective in identifying subsurface materials based on their electrical resistance.
• It is also used for groundwater exploration.

Explanation :-

Dormer Window :

Explanation :-

Minimum formwork stripping time for various types of formwork are given below :

Explanation :-

i.) Bricks should not be sundried to absorb maximum moisture. In fact, bricks should be adequately soaked in water before use to prevent them from absorbing moisture from the mortar.

ii.) Vertical faces of the brickwork should be checked using a plumb bob or spirit level, not wooden templates.

• Plumb bobs and spirit levels ensure accurate vertical alignment, which is important for maintaining the structural stability of the wall.

Explanation :-

Collar Beam Roof :

Explanation :-

• 3D printing in construction requires less unskilled labor because much of the process is automated. While it does involve some skilled operators for setup, monitoring, and finishing tasks, the need for manual labor is significantly reduced.
• Additionally, 3D printing can reduce costs in the long run by minimizing material waste, improving construction speed, and reducing labor expenses. However, initial investment in equipment and technology may be higher.